rogueclassicism

quidquid bene dictum est ab ullo, meum est

Archive for the month “August, 2009”

Alexander’s Descendents Part …

We haven’t had a story about a claim in regards to some Asian people being descendents of Alexander’s army in quite a while … here’s one from the Independent (Ireland):

A road being built in a remote part of the Himalayas is putting researchers on course to study descendants of Alexander the Great’s army.

According to legend, the fair-haired and blue-eyed inhabitants of Malana are descended from Alexander’s soldiers.

A team of anthropologists has set out to unravel a mystery that has fascinated historians for centuries. Scientists from Sweden and India have joined forces to establish the origins of the culture and language.

Democracy

The village boasts what is believed to be the oldest experiment in democracy. Its people operate their own republic, with an elected upper and lower house. The village has a judicial system with a court to resolve disputes among 200 families.

According to the legend, Alexander stopped in Malana, part of Himachal Pradesh, in 326BC when he defeated King Porus. The battle sapped his army’s confidence and some settled with local women.

Professor PK Vaid, of the Institute of Tribal Studies, Shimla, said DNA testing could determine any links to people in Macedonia.

“Their features appear to be European,” he said. “They have blue eyes and fair hair. Their democratic system could have its roots in Greece. It’s unique.”

For the ‘ancient connection’ an excerpt from Pierre Herman Leonard Eggermont, Alexander’s campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan is useful …

… for a ‘response’ of sorts:

Bronze Age Warrior

from the Telegraph

from the Telegraph

Another one I’ve been sitting on and a bit out of our period of purview, but I like this sort of thing (and I find it interesting that the pottery looks ‘Halstatt’ to me, but that’s very likely not even close) … At the beach at Nettuno, south of Rome, a ‘warrior burial’ has been found, and the skeleton (intact, save for his feet) has been dubbed “Nello”.

Raffaelle Mancini in the Telegraph:

“It was fascinating to see the skeleton of Nello emerge from the ground and at first we thought it was that of a Roman solider, but then the experts identified it as dating back to the third millennium B.C. The skeleton is just below 1.7 metres in length and was found intact apart from the feet which were probably washed away by the sea and the grave was 85cm wide and oval in shape.”

The AP coverage adds:

“We will check the area to see whether this tomb is isolated and the warrior was buried here because this was the battlefield where he died … Or maybe there is a bigger necropolis, as we indeed believe.”

Marina Sapelli Ragni noted:

“It is a fascinating discovery and one which has excited colleagues and myself immensely. It is also interesting as the skeleton was found with an arrow in the ribs suggesting he may have been killed maybe in combat or murdered but he was also found with six ceramic vases. Usually this would be associated with some form of official funeral ceremony but to be honest we just don’t know and extensive tests will be carried out on the bones and we hope to build up a picture of what Nello’s life was like 4,500 years ago.”

There doesn’t appear to be much on the web in regards to the Bronze Age around Nettuno … all I’ve found of interest is A.J. Nijboer et al, Fabric analysis on CERAMICS FROM A LATE BRONZE AGE SALTERN ON THE COAST NEAR NETTUNO (ROME, ITALY)

[interesting how that 'solider' misspelling is repeated in much of the coverage below]

Hic Vespasianus Dormiebat?

I initially was sitting on this one because I was hoping to get some really good coverage … then things came up and it’s sort of old news, but there is much conflicting opinion involved with it. The ‘bottom line’ which all media reports seem to agree with is that Italian archaeologists have excavated a very large villa which obviously belonged to a very wealthy person near Cittareale (Rieti). It boasts elaborate marble floors, colonnades, mosaics, and all the sorts of things we’d expect in a rich person’s dwelling. What is bigger ‘news’, however, is the speculation that it belonged to the emperor Vespasian — presumably because he was born in the vicinity (at Falacrina) or died in the vicinity (at Aqua Cutiliae), but the media coverage (especially in headlines) seems to be expressing it as a certainty. Despite that, these seem to be the important opinions:

Helen Patterson (of the BSR) dixit in the Telegraph:

“We’ve found a monumental villa with elaborate floors made of marble brought from quarries in Greece and North Africa … There’s also a very extensive bath complex which is just beginning to emerge. It’s the only large villa in the area, and the size and dating fits in perfectly with Vespasian. Until we find a stone or marble inscription saying ‘Vespasian lived here’, we can’t be 100 per cent certain, but it seems very likely. It’s in a perfect position, overlooking a river and the old Via Salaria trade route.”

FIlipo Coarelli told La Stampa (and this seems to have been translated in much of the English coverage):

Non abbiamo trovato alcuna iscrizione – dice – e quindi non c’è certezza. Ma l’epoca, la qualità degli ambienti, il luogo, e poi l’unicità di questa villa, il fatto che non ce ne siano altre nei dintorni… insomma, tutto lascia pensare a una residenza della dinastia dei Flavi

Coarelli went a bit further with Discovery News:

We are talking of a unique, 15,000-square-meter (161,459-square-foot) villa. We found no inscription that says it belonged to the emperor, but the location, dating, size and quality of the building leave little doubt about its owner.

So it seems possible that this villa did perhaps belong to Vespasian, but that’s about it. At this point it certainly does not warrant hyping it as his birthplace (so CBC, New York Times, BBC (the latter citing an unnamed archaeologist), AP) or his place of death (as the La Stampa coverage seems to suggest), this being the bimillennium of his birth notwithstanding. See further Mary Beard’s post on this (and some of the useful comments of her followers).

Some English coverage:

Italian:

This Day in Ancient History: pridie idus sextiles

pridie idus sextiles

rites in honour of Hercules Invictus in the Circus Maximus

rites in honour of Venus Victrix, Honos, Virtus, and Felicitas in Pompey’s theatre

3 A.D. — conjunction of Jupiter and Venus (one suggestion for the ‘Star of Bethlehem’)

305 A.D. — martyrdom of Anicetus and companions at Nicomedia

1867 — birth of Edith Hamilton (The Greek Way)

CONF: Two Thousand Years of Solitude

Seen on the Classicists list:

TWO THOUSAND YEARS OF SOLITUDE

Exile After Ovid

This is a final reminder about the international conference to be held
on the reception of Ovid as an exile figure at St. John’s College,
Durham University, 3rd-4th September 2009 under the auspices of the
Centre for the Study of the Classical Tradition

Confirmed speakers include: Josephine Balmer (author of the forthcoming
The Word for Sorrow, incorporating versions of the Tristia), Philip
Hardie (Cambridge) Stephen Harrison (Oxford), Stephen Hinds (University
of Washington, Seattle), Duncan Kennedy (Bristol).

Booking forms for the conference and a fuller list of speakers can be
found on the provisional conference programme at

http://www.dur.ac.uk/classical.tradition/events/?eventno=5291

Those who would like to attend the conference are reminded that booking
forms and payment need to be sent to arrive no later than TUESDAY 25TH
AUGUST to Jennifer Ingleheart, 38 North Bailey, Durham, DH1 3EU, and
that bookings cannot be taken after this date.

d.m. Sylvia Lennick

I’m sure folks are scratching their head and wondering who Sylvia Lennick is … here’s the incipit of her obit in the Globe and Mail:

Sylvia Lennick, the last surviving member of the Wayne and Shuster comedy troupe, died this morning of complications from pneumonia in Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre. She was 93.

A stalwart presence for decades as an actor and singer on Canadian radio, stage and television, Ms. Lennick got more applause than the headliners when the troupe appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show in May, 1958 with a performance of “Rinse the Blood Off My Toga,” a Dragnet-type crime skit in which Mr. Wayne, as private eye Flavius Maximus, tries to finger Marcus Brutus, played by Frank Shuster, for the murder of Julius Caesar. As Calpurnia, the bereaved widow, Ms. Lennick brought the house down at rehearsal and then with viewers when she repeatedly wailed, “I told him, Julie don’t go,” a line that was picked up across the country and is still synonymous with her name.

Which, of course, provides us with yet another opportunity to share this:

CFP: Epic Poetry and Flavian Culture

Seen on the Classicists list:

‘EPIC POETRY AND FLAVIAN CULTURE’

Chairs: Emma Buckley (St Andrews), Helen Lovatt (Nottingham) and Gesine Manuwald
(UCL).

To form a conference panel at the sixth Celtic Conference in Classics,
Edinburgh, 28-31 July, 2010.

Flavian Rome was a Rome in the process of radical re-making, experiencing a
traumatic change in ruling dynasty and responding to the demands of a new
imperial experience that had to distance itself from the Julio-Claudian regime
even as it replicated it. Vespasian, Titus and Domitian had to re-model the
Principate in a new image, all the while re-imagining it as the rightful and
‘natural’ continuation of the old order, provoking a schizophrenic blend of
imitation, disjunction and innovation in their attempts to forge a new ideology
of rule. But what does all this have to do with Flavian epic? How do Valerius
Flaccus, Statius and Silius Italicus in their poetry respond to the changing
social, political and material contexts of their culture? And to what extent
can a group of texts so often read purely for their intertextual pyrotechnics
be reintegrated with the study of the Flavian age more generally?

The Flavian Epic Network, headed by Helen Lovatt and Gesine Manuwald, invite
suggestions for papers on this theme (40 minutes in length) concerning, for
instance, interactions between the Flavian epicists; Flavian epic’s
relationship with other forms of contemporary poetry and prose; connections
between Flavian epic and the art, archaeology and history of the period.

Send a proposed title and an abstract of max. 300 words to Emma Buckley:

eb221 AT st-andrews.ac.uk

by November 15, 2009

For further information about the sixth Celtic Conference in Classics contact:

Founder and Organiser: Anton Powell, powellanton AT btopenworld.com

Organiser in Edinburgh: Richard Rawles, Richard.Rawles AT ed.ac.uk

CFP: Desiring the Text

Seen on the Classicists list:

DESIRING THE TEXT, TOUCHING THE PAST: TOWARDS AN EROTICS OF RECEPTION

A one-day conference co-organized by
the Bristol Institute of Greece, Rome and the Classical Tradition &
the Centre for Medieval Studies, University of Toronto

University of Bristol, 10 July 2010

Keynote Speaker: Professor Carolyn Dinshaw, NYU

CALL FOR PAPERS

"In reading Cicero’s letters I felt charmed and offended in equal measure.
Indeed, beside myself, in a fit of anger I wrote to him as if he were a
friend and contemporary of mine, forgetting, as it were, the gap of time,
with a familiarity appropriate to my intimate acquaintance with his
thought; and I pointed out those things he had written that had offended
me." (Petrarch, Rerum Familiarum Liber I.1.42)

Love, desire, fannish obsession and emotional identification as modes of
engaging with texts, characters and authors are often framed as
illegitimate and transgressive: excessive, subjective, lacking in
scholarly rigour. Yet such modes of relating to texts and pasts persist,
across widely different historical periods and cultural contexts. Many
classical and medieval authors recount embodied and highly emotional
encounters with religious, fictional or historical characters, while
modern and postmodern practices of reception and reading – from high art
to the subcultural practices of media fandom – are characterized by desire
in all its ambivalent complexity. Theories of readership and reception,
however, sometimes seem unable to move beyond an antagonistic model:
cultural studies sees resistant audiences struggling to gain control of or
to overwrite an ideologically loaded text, while literary models of
reception have young poets fighting to assert their poetic autonomy
vis-a-vis the paternal authority of their literary ancestors.

This conference aims, by contrast, to begin to elaborate a theory of the
erotics of reception. It will bring together scholars working in and
across various disciplines to share research into reading, writing and
viewing practices characterized by love, identification, and desire: we
hope that it will lead to the establishment of an international research
network and the formulation of some long-term research projects. In order
to facilitate discussion at the conference, we will ask participants to
circulate full papers (around 5,000 words) in May 2010.

We now invite abstracts of 300 words, to be submitted by email by 30
November 2009. Abstracts will be assessed on the basis of their
theoretical and interdisciplinary interest. We particularly welcome
contributions from scholars working on literary, visual and performance
texts in the fields of: history, reception studies, mediaeval studies, fan
studies, cultural studies, theology, and literary/critical theory.

Some ideas which might be addressed include, but are not limited to:

* Writing oneself into the text: self-insertion and empathetic identification
* Historical desire: does the historian desire the past?
* Hermeneutics and erotics
* Pleasures of the text, pleasures of the body: (how) are embodied
responses to the text gendered?
* Anachronistic reading: does desire disturb chronology?
* Erotics and/or eristics: love-hate relationships with texts

This conference is part of the ‘Thinking Reciprocity’ series and will
follow directly from the conference ‘Reception and the Gift of Beauty’
(Bristol, 8-9 July 2010). Reduced fees will be offered to people attending
both conferences.
If you have any queries, or to submit an abstract, please contact one of
the conference organizers:

Dr Ika Willis (Ika.Willis AT bristol.ac.uk)
Anna Wilson (anna.wilson AT utoronto.ca).

This Day in Ancient History: ante diem iii idus sextiles

ante diem iii idus sextiles

480 B.C. — Battle of Thermopylae ; death of Leonidas et al (by one reckoning)

480 B.C. — Battle of Artemesium (by one reckoning)

117 A.D. — dies imperii of the emperor Hadrian

275 A.D. — martyrdom of Alexander the Charcoal Burner at Cremona

295 A.D. — martyrdom of Susanna at Rome

1928 — birth of Emily Vermeule (Greece in the Bronze Age)

This Day in Ancient History: ante diem iv idus sextiles

ante diem iv idus sextiles

30 B.C. — Suicide of Cleopatra

7 A.D. — dedication of the ara Cereris Matris et Opis Augustae and associated rites thereafter

70 A.D. — Roman forces breach the walls of Jerusalem

1911 — birth of A.N. Sherwin-White (The Roman Citizenship)

CFP: Engendering Reception: From Penelope to Atwood’s Penelopiad

Preliminary notice: Engendering Reception: From Penelope to Atwood’s Penelopiad
University of Toronto, April 24-25 2010

The Classics Graduate Student Association of the University of Toronto
invites abstracts for a graduate conference on the theme Engendering
Reception, to be held in Toronto on April 24-25, 2010. Our keynote
speaker will be Susanna Braund, Canada Research Chair in Latin Poetry
and its Reception, University of British Columbia.

This conference aims to consider the role gender plays in reception
both within antiquity and beyond. What does it mean when Catullus and
Horace imitate Sappho? How are epic heroines and villains portrayed in
other genres? How is gender played out in later imitations of Greek
and Roman literature (e.g. Racine’s Phèdre)? What are the issues
facing contemporary women writers (such as Margaret Atwood or Anne
Carson) who deal with classical topics? Our conference hopes to
explore these questions, as well as more broadly theoretical issues.

Potential topics could include, but are not limited to:
• Intertextual heroines in antiquity
• The reception of female authors in the ancient world
• The use of a “female voice” by male authors
• The interaction of historical and literary female characters
• Women and the history of classical scholarship
• Women and the acquisition of Classical education in the 19th and
early 20th centuries
• Gender and the contemporary reception of the classics

We welcome submissions from students of all areas of classical
studies, as well as students from other disciplines, including art
history, history, archaeology, philosophy, comparative literature,
religious studies, women’s and gender studies, drama, and politics.

A conference website will be set up shortly, and interested students
are invited to join the conference’s Facebook group:
http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=112388917878

This is a preliminary notice. A call for papers and a submission
deadline will be circulated in the fall. Queries and indications of
interest should be directed to the conference coordinators:
Cillian O’Hogan, cillian.ohogan AT utoronto.ca
Melanie Racette-Campbell, melanie.racette.campbell AT utoronto.ca

This Day in Ancient History: ante diem vii ius sextiles

ante diem vii ius sextiles

480 B.C. — Death of Leonidas at Thermopylae (according to one reckoning; not sure of where they got it)

44 A.D. — Death of Herod Agrippa (according to one reckoning; ditto)

117 A.D. — the emperor Trajan dies at Selinus (in Asia Minor) as a result of a stroke (some sources give the date for this as August 9)

Muziris Update (?)

Not sure there’s anything new in this item from the Calcutta Telegraph:

A village in Kerala’s Periyar delta may be the site of a port that has remained untraced for centuries although ancient Indian and Greek texts had described it as an Indian Ocean trade hub, researchers have said.

Archaeological excavations at Pattanam, about 25km north of Kochi, have yielded an abundance of artefacts — a 2,000-year-old brick-layered wharf, a wooden canoe and hundreds of fragments of Roman and West Asian pottery, including wine jars.

The findings of three years of excavations suggest that the Pattanam site may have been part of Muziris, a port city mentioned in an ancient Tamil text, Akanunuru, as well as in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, a navigational guide from ancient Greece describing ports along the Red Sea and in India. Historians have dated both texts to the first century AD.

“Pattanam may be the oldest port with a large amount of evidence of Roman contacts outside the traditional boundaries of the Roman empire,” said Parayil John Cherian, the director of the Kerala Council of Historical Research and research team leader.

Cherian and his colleagues have published their findings in the latest issue of Current Science, a peer-reviewed journal published by the Indian Academy of Sciences. “The artefacts suggest this was a major trading port,” Cherian told The Telegraph.

The excavations revealed a six-metre-long wooden canoe, a wharf with wooden bollards to hold boats and fragments of Roman pottery that appear to contain material from southern Italy as well as shards of Egyptian and Mesopotamian pottery. Scattered alongside in a waterlogged area near the wharf were grains of black pepper, cardamom and rice.

The researchers said the findings provide strong circumstantial evidence that Pattanam was part of the port of Muziris because they match descriptions of the ancient port in Tamil literature from about the first century AD.

“The text mentions a port named Muchiri where ships arrived with gold and jars of wine and returned with pepper,” said Veerasamy Selvakumar, a team member from the department of epigraphy and archaeology at Tamil University, Thanjavur.

“We now have evidence for spice trade from this site, and the Roman Amphora fragments point to wine jars,” Selvakumar said.

Scientists at the Institute of Physics in Bhubaneswar who helped the archaeologists date some of the materials discovered at the site found that wood from the wharf was about 2,000 years old — between the first century BC and the first century AD.

The researchers believe ships would sail from a port on Egypt’s Red Sea coast into the northern Indian Ocean and into Muziris. “We’ve estimated that the voyage would have taken about 70 days,” Cherian said.

He said the discovery of jars from Mesopotamia and turquoise-glazed pottery from a layer at the archaeological site where no Roman amphora was found suggests that some West Asians may have predated contacts with the Romans.

The excavations suggest the site was first occupied about 1,000 BC and remained active until about the 10th century AD. During that period, it engaged in extensive trade with cultures from the Mediterranean, West Asia and even Southeast Asia.

There has been semi-regular coverage of the research going on at Muziris — here, here (threatened by development), here, here (threatened again) … The article referenced in the above report doesn’t really mention much from the period of our purview …

This Day in Ancient History: nonas sextiles

nonas sextiles

  • rites in honour of Salus on the Quirinal Hill
  • 465 B.C. — Xerxes I murdered by Artabanus (source?)
  • 244 B.C. — Brundisium becomes a Latin colony
  • ca. 79 B.C. — birth of Tullia, daughter of Marcus Tullius Cicero
  • 1540 — birth of Joseph Justus Scaliger
  • CFP: 2010 AIA Annual Meeting

    Seen on various lists:

    The second submission deadline for the AIA’s 111th Annual Meeting, to be held in Orange County, California, January 6-9, 2010, is today. The schedule for submission of sessions and papers has been revised from past years. Please note that no new Colloquia may be submitted at this time.

    Deadline for Submission
    The schedule for submission of sessions and papers has been revised from past years. There are now two deadlines. The first deadline was in March for all colloquia (including joint AIA/APA sessions) and any workshop- or open-session presenters who required an early decision. This will allow all accepted presenters adequate time to apply for funding and for any non-U.S. Resident to apply for a visa. The second deadline is in August and is for all other open session paper and poster submissions and resubmission of provisionally accepted colloquia. We have also implemented a two-week grace period for both deadlines. Submissions will still be accepted for two weeks following each deadline but with an administrative fee of $25.

    The second deadlines are Monday, August 3, 2009 and Monday, August 17 (Grace Period Ends) This deadline is applicable for all workshops, open session paper and posters submissions, and any provisionally accepted colloquia that are resubmitting.

    The submission system will be open through August 17, 2009. If you expect to be in the field without internet access you may submit your abstracts early, but you will not be notified of the PAMC’s decision until late September.

    The full Call for Papers and submission instructions are available on the AIA website (www.archaeological.org/annualmeeting). Please be sure to review these instructions prior to submitting your abstract or session. All submissions must be made by means of online submission via the AIA website. All submissions, of course, must pass the PAMC’s vetting process to be put onto the program. As with past meetings, all submissions must be made electronically. The online submission forms and supporting documents are available on the AIA website.

    * View the 2010 Call for Papers – http://www.archaeological.org/webinfo.php?page=10453

    * Online Submission Forms – http://www.archaeological.org/webinfo.php?page=10193

    This Day in Ancient History: pridie nonas sextiles

    pridie nonas sextiles

    1707 – birth of Johann Augustus Ernesti

    (in)Fama?

    The Independent has a review of Tom Payne, Fame: From the Bronze Age to Britney … here are some excerpts:

    [...]

    The teacher’s first book, Fame: From the Bronze Age to Britney, published next week, is set to do for classics what Harry Mount’s much-lauded Amo, Amas, Amat … and All That achieved for Latin in 2006 – the updating of a fusty subject for a modern audience, by forging links between the ancient, classical world and our modern, celebrity-worshipping culture. The book asks what Big Brother tells us about Athenian democracy (the nomination process can be fixed in both cases, he argues), and ponders that ancient poser, beloved of Herodotus and Heat magazine alike: “Why does anyone want to be famous?”

    [...]

    Working on “his hunches”, Payne spent the summer of 2006 reading his way through history books and a stack of celebrity memoirs, including biographies of Daniella Westbrook and Jade Goody. The author soon began to see links between different celebrities’ stories; particularly, he says, the doomed careers of Michael Barrymore, Paul Gascoigne and Leslie Grantham. “I saw this crime, punishment and regeneration pattern,” he adds.

    Payne’s book’s title is taken from its first chapter; and it is here where the basest human tendency to criticise and revel in the misfortune of celebrities – particularly in the case of Spears – is explored. Her famous hair-cutting incident, lit by the flashbulbs of the world’s media, is comparable, claims the author, to the tales of human sacrifice as told in Euripides’ Iphigenia at Aulis, in which hair is cut from the victim’s head, symbolising their path to self-destruction.

    And the celebrity comparisons continue…. Can we think of anyone who has recently had sex with a celebrity, potentially in order to further their own career (clue: their one-time conquest rhymes with “Rude Bore”)? “There is always a steady spate of these social climbing situations in the British tabloids, and the best equivalent I can think of is in Ovid’s Art of Love,” says Payne. “He discusses how people often try to have sex with people higher up the celebrity ladder than them, or pretend to have done so, to make themselves better than they are.”

    He gives another example: “Michael Jackson famously had problems with a lady who claimed to have had his child. It is amazing how ordinary people believe that they get value from sleeping with someone who might be just a little bit more famous than them; it’s almost like a badge of honour to claim you’ve had sex with Wayne Rooney.”

    Such thoughts also emerged in Greek myth when Dionysus became angered, after his aunt Agave claimed that his mother Semele had never slept with Zeus. “She taunted her sister by saying Zeus never shagged her,” concludes the author. Gah – it could almost be Chinawhite on a Friday night.

    … I think I definitely need to put this one on my “to read” pile; I wonder if it’s being published on this side of the pond?

    See also Mary Beard’s review in the Guardian:

    … and Christopher Hart in the Times:

    CFP: Genre in the Ancient World

    Seen on the Classicists list:

    Abstract submissions are invited for consideration by the convenors of a
    conference titled "Genre in the Ancient World", hosted by the
    Department of Classics and Ancient History, at the University of Sydney,
    Australia.

    The conference welcomes papers on any topic relating to genre in the
    Ancient World. Additionally, there will be panel sessions on particular
    topics of interest to genre. Professor John Frow of University of

    Melbourne will be keynote speaker.

    Abstract Submissions: Please submit an abstract of not more than 200
    words and a very brief biography to the convenors by Monday, 30th
    November 2009. Email to: genre2010 AT gmail.com.

    Presentations: Papers of 30 min. duration followed by 15 min. discussion
    time at the conclusion of each session.

    Conference Sessions: Thursday 8th to Friday 9th April 2010.
    A reception will be held on 8th and conference dinner on 9th.

    If you do not wish to present a paper but still want to attend, please
    let us know by reply email. Registration forms will be sent through
    shortly.

    For further information, please contact:

    Frances Muecke and Michelle Borg,
    Department of Classics and Ancient History
    Email: genre2010 AT gmail.com

    This Day in Ancient History: ante diem iii nonas sextiles

    ante diem iii nonas sextiles

    supplicia canum — a ritual which was the ‘fallout’ from the story of the geese saving Rome from the Gauls; as punishment to the ‘watchdogs’ who didn’t bark, every year the Romans would crucify a dog

    8 A.D. — victory of the future emperor Tiberius at Illyricum

    178 A.D. — the emperor Marcus Aurelius and Commodus depart on their second campaign against the Germans

    1761 — death of Johann Matthias Gesner

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