York Gladiators Redux

The BBC has a very nice little slideshow of some of the skeletons from that dig at York which are claimed to be of gladiating victims. There’s actually some good stuff here, and since I can’t really embed the slideshow, I do want to make some comments (the numbers refer to the slide):

1. 60 of 80 appear to have died violent deaths; the implication is that all sixty were gladiators?

2. The one arm longer than the other “being consistent with one-sided work from an early age …” I’m not sure how this fits in; I highly doubt we’re dealing with people ‘raised’ to be gladiators. If this is an indication they were non-Roman warriors or something, that could work.

3. Very impressive deep cut going upward; does seem consistent with a gladiator-fight-style wound …

4. Very impressive bite marks; it should be possible to identify the animal from these, no?

5. shackled burial; I really wish we’d stop getting this sensationalism like “yet he received a proper burial” … outside of tossing emperors into the Tiber, the Romans seem to have long allowed execution victims’ remains to receive a proper burial.

6. the ‘hammer’ victim … shouldn’t there be some ‘point of impact’ mark? And shouldn’t the cracks radiate therefrom? This looks more consistent with being hit with a large sword across the top of the head …

7. very nice vertebrae cut; They might be solid ground with this one, although the ‘dispatching’ cuts in gladiating situations tended to be down the windpipe toward the heart rather than across the neck, no? 50 of the 61 skeletons had been so dispatched. In some of the early coverage from this site, though, there was the suggestion that many of the marks indicate the cuts had come from ‘behind’.

Taken together, I think 3, 4, and 6 have me leaning toward the ‘gladiator’ theory. At the same time, though, I think we should remind folks of Anthony Birley’s theory from a few years ago, that these might be victims of Caracalla‘s ‘killing spree’ shortly after Septimius Severus‘ death in 211. This ‘killing spree’ is hinted at in the first three sections of Dio 78, but it’s not clear whether this ‘spree’ happened at York. The Historia Augusta hints similarly, but is far too compressed to be useful.  Again, I wonder aloud whether anyone has thought whether many of these victims might not be examples of decimation (although, of course, proving such would be difficult) Whatever the case, I think it safer to suggest that we’ve got a pile of execution victims … some of them might have died in the arena that hasn’t been found (yet?).

Roman Wall Paintings from Bulgaria

Flag of the city of Svishtov, Veliko Tarnovo O...
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I’ve been waiting for my spiders to bring me this one … but they seemed to have stopped at Francesca Tronchin’s first (tip o’ the pileus). Brief item from Balkan Travellers:

An archaeologist has discovered unique wall paintings in an ancient residence in the late Roman town of Novae, located in northern Bulgaria.

Over 21 days, Pavlina Vladkova, an archaeologist from the Regional History Museum in Veliko Tarnovo, researched a residence, located outside of the territory of the erstwhile legionary base, which was located in Novae. She studies rooms that date to the second, third and fourth centuries.

One of the premises she studied was a dining room with a length of 12 metres and width of 4.5 metres and heating built into the floor and walls. The room was divided into two parts, and Vladkova stumbled onto the valuable frescos in one of them.

One of the room’s walls was covered in coloured paint, while the other had paintings on it. The decoration is reminiscent of contemporary wall paper, the archaeologist explained and added that the colouring has been well preserved.

The residence where the frescos were found used to house representatives of the imperial family, Vladkova said. Work on preserving the wall paintings has already started.

Meanwhile, a team of Polish archaeologists continues excavations at the Novae site this summer, with plans to study the military hospital at the site. At the same time, a group of archaeologists from the National Archaeology Institute at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences will be studying the officers’ residences in Novae.

The site of Novae is situated on the southern bank of the Danube near the present-day town of Svishtov. The site was an ancient Roman legionary base. During the reign of Emperor Trajan, the legio I Italica settled in the base, from where it was supposed to guard the borders of the Roman Empire from the barbarians. A settlement was established and grew around the base.

The archaeologist in charge is one whom we mentioned last summer (in passing) as having discovered a nymphaeum at Nicopolis ad Istrum ; interestingly, at Novae (I think) three or so years ago a Polish team also came across an nymphaeum.

Pistillus’ Workshop Identified in Autun

Tip o’ the pileus to Franz Cumont, who is back from the dead, living on Facebook, and posting interesting things every now and then. This one comes from Le Monde:

Pistillus était un grand potier. Du moins par l’abondance de sa production. Pour le goût, c’est une autre histoire. Ses céramiques auraient leur place au milieu des madones de plastique vendues à Lourdes, ou des santons de Provence. Cette bimbeloterie connaissait pourtant, dans le monde gallo-romain, un vif succès. D’où le bonheur de l’équipe de l’Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap) qui vient de découvrir leur foyer, à Autun, en Saône-et-Loire.

D’ordinaire, les fouilleurs de terre exhibent leurs plus belles trouvailles, les pièces les mieux ouvragées, les objets les plus raffinés. Occultant ainsi des pans de la vie des sociétés passées. Rien de tel ici. Les vestiges sortis de l’humus sont triviaux. Et c’est ce qui fait tout leur intérêt.

Nous sommes dans l’antique Autun, Augustodunum, la ville d’Auguste. Le premier empereur romain (de 27 avant à 14 après J.-C.) l’avait fait édifier en cadeau aux Eduens, peuple gaulois habitant l’actuelle Bourgogne, dont la capitale était l’oppidum de Bibracte, sur le mont Beuvray. Là même où Vercingétorix fut proclamé chef des Gaules et où François Mitterrand pensa un temps se faire inhumer. Période trouble, alliances contre-nature. Les chefs éduens étaient amis de Rome, avec qui ils commerçaient, et c’est à leur appel, face à la menace d’une invasion par les Helvètes, que César s’était lancé dans la guerre des Gaules (58-51 avant J.-C.)

Bâtie ex nihilo, comme une ville nouvelle, par le fils adoptif de César, Augustodunum est “l’exemple type de la romanisation” des régions conquises par les légions puis intégrées à l’Empire, décrit Stéphane Alix, responsable scientifique des fouilles. Celles-ci sont menées dans le secteur nord de la cité, sur une friche où doivent être construits des logements sociaux. Le chantier, ouvert en mars, pour six mois, a permis de dégager les niveaux d’occupation tardive, jusqu’à la fin du IIIe siècle. Ils révèlent une promiscuité, inhabituelle dans l’urbanisme gallo-romain, de l’habitat (maisons à un ou deux étages avec salles à hypocauste chauffées par le sol et enduits décoratifs) et de l’artisanat (forges, creusets de fonte, enclumes).

Le temps risque de manquer pour atteindre les strates inférieures de la fondation augustéenne, au début du Ier siècle. Mais, déjà, les archéologues sont comblés : ils ont mis la main sur le four de l’un des plus fameux coroplathes (fabricants de figurines) de la fin du IIe et du début du IIIe siècle, connu par la signature de ses moules.

L’installation est de taille modeste : une chambre de cuisson d’un peu plus d’un mètre de diamètre et de profondeur, recouverte à l’origine d’un dôme, où circulait par des évents, à une température de 800°, un air chaud produit par un feu de bois. Elle suffisait à cuire, en une seule fournée, plusieurs centaines de poteries qui inondaient le marché. On en a retrouvé jusqu’en Germanie et dans les provinces de Rhétie (Alpes centrales) et du Norique (Europe centrale).

Ces figurines de terre blanche, de facture soignée, étaient confectionnées par moulage, à partir d’une argile très fine, les deux faces, moulées séparément, étant collées à la barbotine. Une fois cuites, certaines étaient peintes, comme le montrent des fragments de pigments rouges. De petite taille (une dizaine de centimètres pour les plus grandes), elles représentaient des déesses nourricières se pressant le sein pour en faire jaillir du lait, des Vénus callipyges, ou encore des animaux, tels que des moutons ou des ours.

Dans son Histoire de la Gaule, Camille Jullian (créateur de la chaire des Antiquités nationales du Collège de France) cite “l’Eduen Pistillus, qui passa maître dans le genre familial, remplissant toute la Gaule de mères pouponnières, d’enfants au berceau, de lits domestiques, de chiens gardiens du foyer”.

Peut-être ces statuettes servaient-elles de “porte-bonheur”, avec, pour les figures nourricières, “une fonction propitiatoire”, suppose Stéphane Alix. Moins chères que leur équivalent en bronze, elles étaient destinées à une clientèle modeste. Mais Pistillus (“piston” en latin) avait aussi une veine d’inspiration plus érotique. Des médaillons signés – dont aucun n’a encore été exhumé à Autun – représentent des personnages dans des postures sans équivoque : sur l’un d’entre eux, deux hommes entourent une femme à quatre pattes. Clin d’oeil de l’histoire, le site gallo-romain était occupé, à l’époque moderne, par un lupanar, qui fut démoli au milieu des années 1980.

Similar coverage at:

The latter (from Inrap)  seems to be the source for all the other coverage, and includes a link to a very interesting video report. There’s also a slide show which seems to be informative, but didn’t work well on my little netbook for some reason.

For those who can’t read the French, the gist of all the reportage is that archaeologists have found the workshop of the celebrated Gallo-Roman potter Pistillus, whose name and marks appear on all sorts of domestic ware and pipes in Gaul. The workshop was long suspected to be in Autun/Augustodunum and now seems to be confirmed in the excavation of a block dating back to the first century. The identification of his workshop seems to be based on the identification of a kiln with his name on it.

Roman Remains from Caistor

A late-Roman/Christian (?) cemetery … here’s some coverage:

ARCHAEOLOGISTS have found what is thought to be a late-Roman cemetery in a county village.

So far, a total of 46 human remains have been excavated and archaeologists say they expect to have found more than 50 by the time they finish next week.

The discovery was made during a five-week dig taking place as part of the development of a derelict pub in Caistor, near Market Rasen.

Specialists from Pre Construct Archaeological Services Ltd, say the cemetery is the first of its kind to be discovered in the area, branding the find as “significant”.

Director of the firm Colin Palmer-Brown said: “The graves are orientated from east to west, with the heads to the west which fits well with Christian tradition. There is an absence of grave goods, such as brooches or accessories, which is also consistent with Christian burials.

“Burial traditions change over time and the fact that these appear to be Christian suggests this cemetery dates back to the late Roman period, around the fourth century AD after the Emperor Constantine I legalised Christian worship in AD313.

“This find is very significant as little was known about Caistor. It isn’t near any known Roman road. One theory is that Caistor could have been part of the east coast defences in the late-Roman period and it was a supply base for a garrison.”

Shards of pottery found alongside the graves – although not left as memorial items – strengthen the case for it being a late-Roman cemetery, said Mr Palmer-Brown.

Teams from Pre Construct initially found six sets of human remains during the pre-planning process. That find then led to the discovery of men, women, teenagers, children and babies.

Archaeological site manager Fiona Walker said there is evidence that some of the bodies were in coffins. “We can see nails and even the remains of straps in some areas,” she said.

The former pub is being turned into a Lincolnshire Co-operative food store with a £1.3 million development. Contractors Taylor Pearson started on site in May and the store is set to open in November.

Special permission from the Ministry of Justice will allow the human remains to be exhumed, before being privately reburied.

They will then be cleaned and examined by Pre-Construct’s in-house osteologist, who will determine sex, approximate age and even whether they had suffered from any illness or injury.

The BBC also has a video report (without any commentary):

Vodpod videos no longer available.

More coverage from the BBC:

Roman Villa + Burial from Bredon’s Norton

A potentially-interesting find due to waterworks construction:

A 2,000-YEAR-OLD human skeleton has been unearthed alongside Iron Age artefacts near Tewkesbury.

Archaeologists uncovered signs of the ancient Roman villa in a field on the edge of Bredon’s Norton. It is thought the finds could be of national importance.

Metal detector hunts in recent years had led historians to suspect an ancient community might be found there.

That was confirmed when contractors who were laying a new water pipeline began digging.

Senior project manager Stuart Foreman is leading a team of archaeologists on a six-week excavation at the site.

Mr Foreman, of Oxford Archaeology, said thousands of pieces of masonry, nails, tiles, pottery and clothing will have been unearthed by the time the project is complete.

The area being examined is 200 metres long and 15 metres wide.

He said: “Whenever you find a new villa, it’s of national importance. It’s pretty unusual to find a new villa that hasn’t been recognised before. It’s an important local centre.”

He said large pieces of masonry and flagstone flooring had been found and it was well preserved.

He said: “Fragments of stone peg-tiles from the roof and sections of painted wall plaster indicate a building of high quality and status.

“The footings survive to a height of nearly 1m cut into the hillside.”

He said it did not rank as highly as the famous Roman Villa at Chedworth, near Cheltenham, but was still an important addition to a cluster of villas found in the Cotswolds and upper Thames valley.

Experts estimate that the villa is more than 1,700 years old.

They do not know yet whether the skeleton is of a male or female but believe it is at least 2,000 years old. It has been taken to Oxford to be analysed.

More coverage: